Michael Frede
Abstract: In this paper I shall discuss Plotinus’ views on causation of and in the sensible sphere—by “the sensible sphere” I mean the physical world around us. The main focus is on the question whether all causes are ultimately mental and, if so, what conclusions can be drawn from that about Plotinus’ ontology. Is he a dualist with respect to the mind and the body? Or is he perhaps some sort of idealist, believing that everything is somehow mental? It will be argued that in a certain sense that will be explained he may be called an idealist: a non-reductive idealist, meaning that there are non-mental things but they do not do any work in the grand scheme of reality.
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